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Digital Zone System - Gray Levels Equivalents - Target Characterizer - Relevant Thoughts

The Digital Zone System
by Richard Chang

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Photoshop will allow the use of the zone system to verify the quality of a digital file. By choosing grayscale for one of the two Show Info options, Photoshop will display a 0-100% (dot percentages) scale from which you can infer 0-10. Be aware that 0 (threshold) in the zone system is black and differs from 0 in grayscale which is white (printer's inks start their threshold at white paper which has no ink). You will need to invert the numbers. To arrive at the zonal value from the grayscale report, subtract the dot percentage from 100 and move the the decimal one place to the left. 35% from 100 is 65. The zonal value is 6.5 (VI 1/2). The following relationships apply. 256 level values follow for applications that do not report ink densities.
 

Zone I
90%
30
Zone I 1/2
85%
43
Zone II
80%
55
Zone II 1/2
75%
67
Zone III
70%
80
Zone III 1/2
65%
92
Zone IV
60%
105
Zone IV 1/2
55%
115
Zone V
50%
128
Zone V 1/2
45%
142
Zone VI
40%
155
Zone VI 1/2
35%
167
Zone VI
30%
180
Zone VI 1/2
25%
192
Zone VI
20%
205
Zone VI 1/2
15%
217
Zone IX
10%
230
Zone IX 1/2
5%
242
Zone X
0%
256

If, for instance, you place caucasian skin tone on zone VI, it will read 40%. That is a reasonable placement for skin tone; verifying the reflectance in the software will guarantee your wishes for that density (and every other important value you place and verify) on your intended target; if it isn't modified by someone else. That modification is where the process of placing images on a printing press can become obscure. Actually, any output (Iris for example) generated by an outside imaging service can become difficult. Separators for exmple will often "adjust" your files for proper output to a given target. 

Consider sending a color neg to a custom lab. If you don't like the print, the lab will remake the print to your liking. They will often do it for no charge. Service bureaus and color separators traditionally do not extend the same service to photographers. You pay for any misunderstanding in the emotional translation of your image onto the imaging service's media. Inclusion of the highest quality output you can generate (a print for example), along with your file will go a long ways toward generating success on your first try when using the outside service. It's like sending a transparency along with the color neg, it's something to match. The advent of cheap, high resolution inkjet printers (720-1440 dpi) can help the photographer communicate his emotional intentions to the outside service.

The use of a system to predict and verify any value in the transition of tone from hightlight-to-shadow is perhaps the most important tool for the generation of high quality emotional content in the imaging process. Knowing the final result breeds confidence. It also allows creative departure from reality (abstractions for instance) and makes the problem solving of difficult situations more easily accomplished.

Using the zone system to aid the manipulation of digital images should start and end with curves. If you are scanning film based images you will begin with a file and you will choose the final transition of tone with a curve. If you are capturing with a digital camera you will start with a file. If the camera is tethered to a computer, you'll use a curve to choose custom transition of tone in the displayed image. If you are shooting a non-tethered camera you'll open the image in an image editing software package and you'll want to adjust its transition of tone with a curve. Key to the digital process, just as in film, is applying the proper number of tones to the intended target. Just as you can't effectively print a neg scaled for grade 2 paper on grade 5 paper, you cannot easily print a file scaled for a high quality sheetfed stock on newsprint. Curves can change the number of tones and their transitions. Refer to any number of good texts available on the application of curves.

How does one use the zone system on a digital image? If you use capture software, adjust the image through lighting, exposure, and f-stop to control total contrast as well as local contrast. Make sure the most important values read correctly within your zone system experience. If you cannot craft the image through the image capture software you'll need to make a stop in an image editing software application. More often than not, the application of curves will be implemented through Photoshop's Image> Adjust>Curves function. In image #1, Photoshop is displaying 79% (or Zone II) in the small Info box (K: ) for the eyedropper indicated shadow on the edge of the cell phone. Photoshop also indicates where the sampled value falls on the characteristic curve. 79% is located just above the second line from the bottom along the indicated transition (here it's linear) from shadow to highlight. Note that pre-press professionals start with their threshold on the left indicating zero ink. Click the arrows in the middle of the bar below the grid to change from shadow/left to highlight/left.

 

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